反洗錢金融行動特別工作組《反恐怖融資特別建議》
Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing
背景：2001年10月29日至30日，反洗錢金融行動特別工作組在美國華盛頓特區(qū)召開了關(guān)于恐怖主義融資的特別大會。在這次特別大會上，F(xiàn)ATF認識到采取行動打擊恐怖主義融資的極端重要性，F(xiàn)ATF同意以下八條建議同F(xiàn)ATF反洗錢的四十條建議一起，建立起監(jiān)測、預(yù)防和禁止為恐怖主義行動籌集資金的基本網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這八條建議就稱為FATF反恐融資八條建議，包括：1. 批準和執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國有關(guān)決議；2. 將恐怖主義融資及習(xí)慣的洗錢定為犯罪；3. 凍結(jié)和沒收與恐怖主義有關(guān)的資產(chǎn)；4. 舉報與恐怖主義有關(guān)的可疑交易；5. 國際合作；6. 替代性匯款；7. 電子轉(zhuǎn)賬；8. 非盈利組織。
Ratification and implementation of UN instruments
Each country should take immediate steps to ratify and to implement fully the 1999 United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism.
Countries should also immediately implement the United Nations resolutions relating to the prevention and suppression of the financing of terrorist acts, particularly United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373[1].
Criminalizing the financing of terrorism and associated money laundering
Each country should criminalize the financing of terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist organizations. Countries should ensure that such offences are designated as money laundering predicate offences.
Freezing and confiscating terrorist assets
Each country should implement measures to freeze without delay funds or other assets of terrorists, those who finance terrorism and terrorist organizations in accordance with the United Nations resolutions relating to the prevention and suppression of the financing of terrorist acts.
Each country should also adopt and implement measures, including legislative ones, which would enable the competent authorities to seize and confiscate property that is the proceeds of, or used in, or intended or allocated for use in, the financing of terrorism, terrorist acts or terrorist organizations.
Reporting suspicious transactions related to terrorism
If financial institutions, or other businesses or entities subject to anti-money laundering obligation, suspect or have reasonable grounds to suspect that funds are linked or related to, or are to be used for terrorism, terrorist acts or by terrorist organizations, they should be required to report promptly their suspicions to the competent authorities.
International co-operation
Each country should afford another country, on the basis of a treaty, arrangement or other mechanism for mutual legal assistance or information exchange, the greatest possible measure of assistance in connection with criminal, civil enforcement, and administrative investigations, inquiries and proceedings relating to the financing of terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist organizations.
Countries should also take all possible measures to ensure that they do not provide safe havens for individuals charged with the financing of terrorism, terrorism, terrorist acts or terrorist organizations, and should have procedures in place to extradite, where possible, such individuals.
Alternative remittance[2]
Each country should take measures to ensure that persons or legal entities, including agents, that provide a service for the transmission of money or value, including transmission through an informal money or value transfer system or network, should be licensed or registered and subject to all the FATF Recommendations that apply to banks and non-bank financial institutions. Each country should ensure that persons or legal entities that carry out this service illegally are subject to administrative, civil or criminal sanctions.
Wire transfers
Countries should take measures to require financial institutions, institutions, including money remitters, to include accurate and meaningful originator information (name, address and account number) on funds transfers and related messages that are sent, and the information should remain with the transfer or related message through the payment chain.
Countries should take measures to ensure that financial institutions, including money remitters, conduct enhanced scrutiny of and monitor for suspicious activity funds transfers which do not contain complete originator information (name, address and account number).
Non-profit organizations[3]
Countries should review the adequacy of laws and regulations that relate to entities that can be abused for the financing of terrorism. Non-profit organizations are particularly vulnerable, and countries should ensure that they cannot be misused:
by terrorist organizations posing as legitimate entities;
to exploit legitimate entities as conduits[4] for terrorist financing, including for the purpose of escaping asset freezing measures; and
to conceal or obscure the clandestine diversion of funds intended for legitimate purposes to terrorist organizations.
9. Cash Couriers[5]
Countries should have measures in place to detect the physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments, including a declaration
system or other disclosure obligation.
Countries should ensure that their competent authorities have the legal authority to stop or restrain currency or bearer negotiable instruments that are suspected to be related to terrorist financing or money laundering, or that are falsely declared or disclosed.
Countries should ensure that effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions are
available to deal with persons who make false declaration(s) or disclosure(s). In cases where the currency or bearer negotiable instruments are related to terrorist financing or money laundering, countries should also adopt measures, including legislative ones consistent with Recommendation 3 and Special Recommendation III, which would enable the confiscation of such currency or instruments.
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[1] 2002年9月28日，聯(lián)合國安理會一致通過第1373號決議，要求各國緊急合作，防止和制止恐怖主義行為，對支持恐怖主義的國家，安理會將進行制裁。
[2] alternative remittance:替代性匯款。這是一種在受監(jiān)管的體系之外運行的，提供資金或價值的轉(zhuǎn)移服務(wù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系或機制。這些監(jiān)管外的體系通常在特定的地理區(qū)域內(nèi)運作。這些體系通常包括：hawala, hundi, fei-chien等，并且采用黑市匯率。
[3] Non-frofit organization:非盈利組織。該建議是為了幫助當(dāng)局來保護那些為了慈善、宗教、文化、教育、社會或友愛的目的，或為了開展其他類型的“良好事業(yè)”而籌集或支付資金的非盈利組織，使之不被恐怖主義融資所利用。法律和實踐認可的非盈利組織的合法形式主要有：協(xié)會、基金會、籌資委員會、公社服務(wù)組織、代表公共利益的社團、有限公司和公共慈善機構(gòu)。
[4] conduit[5kCndit] 渠道,管道
[5] courier[ 5kuriE ] 信使
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